Radiophysics Made Easy

MODULE 1: X-ray Production & Properties

SECTION 1: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC NATURE OF X-RAYS

SECTION 2: THERMIONIC EMISSION AND ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN THE X-RAY TUBE

SECTION 3: ELECTRON ACCELERATION & TUBE VOLTAGE IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

SECTION 4: X-RAY TUBE COMPONENTS – CATHODE, ANODE & HOUSING

SECTION 5: FOCUSING CUP & FOCAL SPOT PHYSICS

SECTION 6: BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION – MECHANISM & SPECTRUM

SECTION 7: CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION – SHELL-LEVEL PHYSICS & ENERGY PEAKS

SECTION 8: X-RAY SPECTRUM – COMPONENTS, MODIFIERS & CLINICAL CONTROL

SECTION 9: FACTORS AFFECTING BEAM QUALITY & QUANTITY – CONTRAST VS DOSE BALANCE

SECTION 10: INVERSE SQUARE LAW & ITS APPLICATIONS IN RADIOGRAPHY

SECTION 11: HALF-VALUE LAYER (HVL), BEAM ATTENUATION & BEAM HARDENING CONCEPTS

SECTION 12: FILTERS, GRIDS & COLLIMATION – DEVICES THAT SHAPE THE BEAM

SECTION 13: IMAGE FORMATION, SPATIAL RESOLUTION & GEOMETRIC FACTORS

SECTION 14: CONTRAST, NOISE & SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR)

SECTION 15: DIGITAL DETECTORS – CR, DR & PERFORMANCE METRICS

MODULE 2: X-RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER

SECTION 1: ATTENUATION & THE EXPONENTIAL LAW

SECTION 2: PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT – PHYSICS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE

SECTION 3: COMPTON SCATTER MECHANICS, ANGLE, & DOSE IMPLICATIONS

SECTION 4: COHERENT (RAYLEIGH) SCATTER – THE FORGOTTEN INTERACTION

SECTION 5: PAIR PRODUCTION & PHOTODISINTEGRATION

SECTION 6: LINEAR VS MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS

SECTION 7: HALF-VALUE LAYER (HVL) & BEAM HARDENING

SECTION 8: FACTORS AFFECTING ATTENUATION (Z, ENERGY, DENSITY)

SECTION 9: CONTRAST RESOLUTION & TISSUE VISIBILITY

SECTION 10: RADIATION SCATTER & GRID USAGE

MODULE 3:IMAGE FORMATION & SIGNAL DETECTION

SECTION 1: X-RAY BEAM PRODUCTION & IMAGE RECEPTOR INTERACTION

SECTION 2: IMAGE RECEPTORS – TYPES & PHYSICS

SECTION 3: SCINTILLATORS VS PHOTOCONDUCTORS

SECTION 4: PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR (PSP) PLATES IN CR SYSTEMS

SECTION 5: DIGITAL DETECTORS – FLAT PANEL, CMOS, AND CCD

SECTION 6: DETECTOR PERFORMANCE METRICS – DQE, MTF, NPS

SECTION 7: SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR)

SECTION 8: DYNAMIC RANGE & BIT DEPTH

SECTION 9: SPATIAL RESOLUTION VS CONTRAST RESOLUTION

SECTION 10: TEMPORAL RESOLUTION & FRAME RATE

MODULE 4: IMAGE QUALITY & ARTIFACTS

SECTION 1: IMAGE QUALITY OVERVIEW

SECTION 2: FACTORS AFFECTING IMAGE QUALITY

SECTION 3: CONTRAST-TO-NOISE RATIO (CNR)

SECTION 4: GEOMETRIC DISTORTION & MAGNIFICATION

SECTION 5: NOISE – SOURCES & CONTROL

SECTION 6: COMMON ARTIFACTS IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

SECTION 7: ARTIFACTS IN COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) SYSTEMS

SECTION 8: ARTIFACTS IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR) SYSTEMS

SECTION 9: MOTION & METAL ARTIFACTS (CT/MRI)

SECTION 10: STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE ARTIFACTS

MODULE 5: RADIATION DOSE, PROTECTION & OPTIMIZATION

SECTION 1: RADIATION UNITS & MEASUREMENT

SECTION 2: DETERMINISTIC VS STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

SECTION 3: DOSE IN DIFFERENT IMAGING MODALITIES

SECTION 4: DOSE AREA PRODUCT (DAP) & CT DOSE INDEX (CTDI)

SECTION 5: ALARA – AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE

SECTION 6: SHIELDING & DISTANCE – INVERSE SQUARE LAW IN ACTION

SECTION 7: OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMITS & REGULATORY THRESHOLDS

SECTION 8: PERSONAL DOSIMETERS & MONITORING DEVICES

SECTION 9: PEDIATRIC DOSE CONSIDERATIONS

SECTION 10: DOSE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

MODULE 6: RADIOBIOLOGY

SECTION 1: RADIATION BIOLOGY & DOSE UNITS

SECTION 2: DETERMINISTIC VS STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

SECTION 3: RADIATION DOSE LIMITS FOR PATIENTS & STAFF

SECTION 4: TIME, DISTANCE & SHIELDING – CORE PROTECTION TOOLS

SECTION 5: PREGNANCY, PEDIATRICS & RADIATION SENSITIVITY

SECTION 6: PERSONAL DOSIMETRY & MONITORING DEVICES

SECTION 7: REGULATORY BODIES & RADIATION GUIDELINES

SECTION 8: ALARA PRINCIPLE & OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

SECTION 9: RADIATION SIGNS, ROOM SHIELDING & QA IN RADIOLOGY

SECTION 10: PATIENT DOSE TRACKING & CONSENT

MODULE 7: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

Table of Contents

SECTION 1 — INTRODUCTION TO CT

SECTION 2 — CT SYSTEM COMPONENTS & HARDWARE

SECTION 3 — CT IMAGE FORMATION PHYSICS

SECTION 4 — GENERATIONS OF CT SCANNERS

SECTION 5 — CT ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES

SECTION 6 — CT RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS

SECTION 7 — CT IMAGE PARAMETERS

SECTION 8 — CT IMAGE QUALITY

SECTION 9 — CT SCAN PARAMETERS & OPTIMIZATION

SECTION 10 — CT ARTIFACTS

SECTION 11 — CT RADIATION DOSE

SECTION 12 — DOSE OPTIMIZATION & PATIENT PROTECTION

SECTION 13 — SPECIAL CT TECHNIQUES

SECTION 14 — DUAL-ENERGY CT, SPECTRAL CT & PHOTON-COUNTING CT

SECTION 15 — QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA), CALIBRATION & PERFORMANCE TESTING IN CT

MODULE 8: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

SECTION 1 — MRI BASICS

SECTION 2 — RELAXATION MECHANISMS (T1, T2, T2*, PD)

SECTION 3 — IMAGE CONTRAST MECHANISMS (TR, TE, Flip Angle & Weighting)

SECTION 4 — RF COILS (Transmit, Receive & Coil Technology)

SECTION 5 — K-SPACE, SAMPLING & IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

SECTION 6 — MRI PULSE SEQUENCES

SECTION 7 — ADVANCED MRI TECHNIQUES

SECTION 8 — MRI IMAGE QUALITY: SNR, CNR, RESOLUTION & TRADE-OFFS

SECTION 9 — MRI ARTIFACTS: TYPES, CAUSES & FIXES

SECTION 10 — MRI SAFETY

SECTION 11 — FIELD STRENGTH EFFECTS (1.5T vs 3T vs 7T)

SECTION 12 — MODERN MRI TECHNOLOGIES

SECTION 13 — MRI QUALITY ASSURANCE & PERFORMANCE TESTING

SECTION 14 — MRI CLINICAL PROTOCOL OPTIMIZATION

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Radiophysics Made Easy